What factors affect the actual mechanical advantage (AMA) of a machine?

The actual mechanical advantage (AMA) of a machine is principally influenced by friction and deformation. Friction occurs between moving parts, which can significantly reduce the efficiency of a machine as it opposes motion, causing energy loss as heat. This reduction in output force compared to input force means that the AMA will be lower than the ideal mechanical advantage (IMA), which assumes no energy loss.

Deformation refers to any change in the shape or size of parts of a machine due to applied forces, which can further hinder the machine's performance. When components experience deformation, they may not function as intended, leading to reduced output force or reliability.

By understanding how friction and deformation impact the operation of machines, it becomes clear why these factors are critical in calculating the AMA and assessing the effectiveness of mechanical systems. This understanding helps in designing machines that minimize these effects, thereby enhancing their performance.